Type 2 Diabetes
Small habits, big sugar swings avoided.
What it is
- The body becomes resistant to insulin, so glucose builds up in the blood.
- Fasting blood sugar of 126 mg/dL (7.0 mmol/L) or more on two tests usually confirms it.
- An HbA1c of 6.5% or more reflects average high sugar over three months.
- Rates continue to climb with sugary drinks, refined food and less physical activity.
Typical symptoms
- Frequent urination and constant thirst.
- Tiredness, blurred vision and slow-healing wounds.
- Tingling or numbness in hands and feet.
- Many people have no symptoms for years — get tested if you have risk factors.
Treatment
- Lifestyle first: cut sugary drinks, control portions, walk or exercise most days.
- Metformin is usually the first medicine; other tablets or injectables are added as needed.
- Some people need insulin injections over time.
- Regular checks: HbA1c every 3–6 months, plus eyes, kidneys, feet and blood pressure.
Long-term risks if uncontrolled
- Heart attack, stroke and poor circulation.
- Kidney damage — a leading cause of dialysis.
- Nerve damage, foot ulcers and infections that can lead to amputation.
- Damage to the small vessels of the eyes (retinopathy) — have eyes checked yearly.
Seek medical help urgently if
- Very high sugar with vomiting, deep rapid breathing, fruity breath or confusion (possible DKA)
- A foot wound that is not healing, hot, swollen or smelling bad
- Sudden blurred vision or floaters
- Extreme drowsiness or inability to keep fluids down
General information only — not a substitute for medical advice.